THE BUBISHI

The Okinawan Bubishi is a seminal text in the history of martial arts, particularly in the development of Okinawan karate and its connections to Chinese martial arts. Often referred to as the “Bible of Karate,” it is a compilation of Chinese martial arts techniques, philosophies, and medical knowledge that was transmitted to Okinawa and later influenced the evolution of karate. The Bubishi is not a single, unified text but rather a collection of manuscripts that vary in content depending on the version. The most well-known version is the one studied and translated by martial arts historian Patrick McCarthy, which contains 48 articles divided into several sections. Below is an in-depth exploration of the Okinawan Bubishi, detailing its chapters and their significance.

Historical Context
The Bubishi is believed to have originated in China, likely in the Fujian province, and was brought to Okinawa during the 19th century. Okinawa, being a cultural crossroads between China and Japan, was heavily influenced by Chinese martial arts, particularly White Crane Kung Fu. The Bubishi served as a bridge between these Chinese arts and the indigenous Okinawan fighting systems, eventually shaping the development of karate.

The text is written in classical Chinese and contains a mix of practical techniques, philosophical teachings, and medical remedies. It was passed down secretly among Okinawan martial artists, with masters like Anko Itosu and Chojun Miyagi (founder of Goju-Ryu karate) studying it extensively.

The Bubishi covers:

1. Philosophical and Historical Introductions
This section provides the foundational philosophy and historical context for the martial arts practices described in the Bubishi. It emphasises the moral and ethical responsibilities of a martial artist.

  • The Origins of the Bubishi: Discusses the transmission of martial knowledge from China to Okinawa and the importance of the text.
  • The Moral Code of the Martial Artist: Highlights the virtues of humility, respect, and self-discipline. It stresses that martial arts are not just for combat but for personal development.
  • The Importance of Tradition: Explains the value of preserving and transmitting martial knowledge across generations.

2. Martial Techniques and Strategies
This section is the core of the Bubishi, detailing specific fighting techniques, strategies, and principles. It includes descriptions of strikes, blocks, throws, and grappling techniques, often illustrated with diagrams.

  • The 48 Self-Defence Diagrams: These are perhaps the most famous part of the Bubishi. They depict various combat scenarios, showing how to defend against armed and unarmed attackers. Each diagram is accompanied by brief explanations of the techniques.
  • Principles of Combat: Discusses concepts like timing, distance, and the use of leverage. It emphasises the importance of adaptability and mental clarity in combat.
  • Animal Styles: Explains the influence of animal movements on martial arts, particularly the Crane and Tiger styles. These styles are characterised by their unique stances, strikes, and strategies.

3. Vital Points and Dim Mak (Pressure Point Strikes)
This section delves into the study of vital points (Kyusho) and the art of Dim Mak, or pressure point strikes. It combines anatomical knowledge with martial applications.

  • The 36 Vital Points: Lists and describes the locations of 36 vital points on the human body. Striking these points can cause pain, incapacitation, or even death.
  • The Effects of Striking Vital Points: Explains the physiological effects of striking specific points, such as disrupting the flow of Qi (vital energy) or causing internal injuries.
  • Timing and Techniques for Striking Vital Points: Discusses the importance of precision and timing when targeting vital points.

4. Herbal Medicine and First Aid
The Bubishi is unique in its inclusion of medical knowledge, reflecting the traditional Chinese belief in the connection between martial arts and medicine. This section provides remedies for injuries and illnesses, as well as methods for maintaining health.

  • Herbal Remedies: Lists various herbs and their uses, such as reducing inflammation, healing wounds, and detoxifying the body.
  • Treatment of Injuries: Provides instructions for treating common martial arts injuries, including bruises, sprains, and fractures.
  • First Aid Techniques: Covers basic first aid, such as stopping bleeding and treating burns.

5. Miscellaneous Teachings
This section contains additional teachings that complement the martial and medical knowledge in the Bubishi. It includes advice on training, lifestyle, and the spiritual aspects of martial arts.

  • Training Methods: Offers guidance on how to structure training sessions, emphasising the importance of consistency and gradual progression.
  • The Role of Meditation: Discusses the benefits of meditation for mental clarity and emotional balance.
  • Lifestyle Recommendations: Advises on diet, sleep, and other lifestyle factors that contribute to overall health and martial prowess.

Legacy of the Okinawan Bubishi
The Bubishi has had a profound impact on the development of Okinawan karate. Masters like Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan karate) and Chojun Miyagi incorporated its teachings into their styles. The text’s emphasis on vital points and herbal medicine also influenced the development of kobudo (Okinawan weaponry) and traditional Okinawan healing practices.

In modern times, the Bubishi continues to be studied by martial artists worldwide. Its blend of practical techniques, philosophical wisdom, and medical knowledge makes it a comprehensive guide to the martial arts lifestyle.

Conclusion
The Okinawan Bubishi is a treasure trove of martial arts knowledge, offering insights into the techniques, strategies, and philosophies that shaped Okinawan karate. Its chapters cover a wide range of topics, from combat techniques and vital points to herbal medicine and moral teachings. By studying the Bubishi, martial artists can gain a deeper understanding of the historical and cultural roots of their art, as well as practical skills for self-defence and self-cultivation. Its enduring legacy is a testament to the timeless value of its teachings.